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Coletar conchas, levar cachorro, alimentar peixes: o que não se deve fazer no turismo em praias

O Brasil tem mais de 7,4 mil quilômetros de costa litorânea, uma das quinze maiores do mundo. Durante o verão, as praias brasileiras atraem turistas do mundo todo.

Enquanto ainda é comum ver turistas retirando conchas, pedras e areia das praias brasileiras, assim como o comércio de artesanato com esses materiais, em alguns países isso é crime ambiental.

Nos Estados Unidos, por exemplo, uma turista foi condenada a 15 dias de prisão e multada em cerca de US$ 800 (o equivalente a mais de R$ 3 mil na época) ao ser flagrada coletando conchas de uma praia do Sul da Flórida em 2018, segundo o jornal Miami Herald.

Na Itália, um casal francês foi detido pela guarda costeira ao tentar embarcar com 40 quilos de areia branca retirada das praias da Sardenha em 2019.

Retirar areia, pedras e conchas das praias italianas pode resultar em pena de um a seis anos de prisão. Os turistas alegaram à agência RFI na época que queriam levar uma “lembrança” das férias para a casa.

“Se uma concha for retirada para fins pedagógicos, científicos ou para ser encaminhada ao museu, isso não é um problema“, afirma o oceanógrafo Maikon Di Domenico, coordenador do curso de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR).

“O problema é quando todos querem levar uma ‘lembrança’. Se pensarmos em uma praia com milhares de pessoas, em que todos retiram conchas, essa escala de interferência humana passa a ser um problema”, diz o oceanógrafo.

No Brasil, o site do Ministério do Meio Ambiente informa que é proibido pela Lei de Crime Ambiental o comércio de corais e artesanato com corais (Art.33 da Lei nº 9605/98), com pena de um a três anos de detenção.

A pasta também orienta que não se deve coletar de nenhuma praia do país conchas, pedras, estrelas do mar e ouriços.

Mas por que retirar as conchas da praia é algo nocivo ao meio ambiente a ponto de ser crime ambiental?

A resposta está na principal substância que compõe a concha, o carbonato de cálcio (CaCO3), vital para a manutenção de todo o ecossistema marinho.

“O carbonato de cálcio é essencial na formação de esqueletos, conchas e diversas outras estruturas de vários seres vivos, como mandíbulas em minhocas marinhas, entre outros exemplos“, explica Di Domenico.

As conchas também servem de abrigo para animais e algas, acrescenta a pesquisadora em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos da UFPR, Larissa Regina Pinto.

“Uma concha pode atuar como a própria areia, ou seja, servir de substrato para algas, além de âncoras para animais e plantas, que podem se aderir a elas. Também servem de abrigo ou mesmo de casa para outros animais”, diz Pinto.

Concha de 500 anos

As conchas que encontramos na areia são formadas pelos moluscos, animais invertebrados de corpo mole.

“Conchas são estruturas que protegem o corpo ‘mole’ da maioria dos moluscos. Elas surgem ainda na forma de protoconchas, assim que os moluscos nascem“, afirma a doutora em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos, Ana Luiza Gandara-Martins.

Conchas são ricas em carbonato de cálcio, vital para a manutenção de todo o ecossistema marinho

A oceanógrafa explica que as conchas estão em constante construção durante a vida do molusco.

“Conforme o molusco cresce, as camadas de carbonato de cálcio são depositadas na concha”, diz.

As camadas de carbonato de cálcio formam anéis nas conchas. Assim, para estimar a idade de um molusco, contam-se os anéis.

“O molusco mais antigo já encontrado foi um indivíduo da espécie Arctica islandica, coletado durante uma expedição em 2006. Sua idade foi estimada em 507 anos”, conta Gandara-Martins.

Quando os moluscos morrem, suas conchas ficam à deriva no mar, sendo transportadas até a praia por meio das correntezas e ondas.

Na praia, os compostos orgânicos que mantinham os cristais minerais unidos começam a se decompor e as conchas entram em processo de desmineralização, fazendo com que o carbonato de cálcio seja absorvido pelo ecossistema.

Sequestro de CO2

Apesar das florestas serem consideradas o pulmão do mundo, cerca de 90% do gás carbônico emitido pelas atividades humanas — principal vilão do efeito estufa e das mudanças climáticas — é sequestrado pelos mares por meio dos organismos e seres vivos marinhos.

Por isso, as conchas também são importantes contra as mudanças climáticas, pois elas participam, de maneira indireta, do processo de sequestro de gás carbônico pelos ambientes marinhos.

“Organismos como estrelas-do-mar, ouriços, corais, gastrópodes, algas rodofíceas, foraminíferos e minhocas-marinhas fazem o processo de calcificação [para formarem seus esqueletos]”, explica Di Domenico.

O processo de calcificação é, de acordo com o oceanógrafo, “uma verdadeira bomba biológica do ciclo biogeoquímico do carbono”, uma vez que auxilia tanto na manutenção do pH da água — essencial para a manutenção do ecossistema marinho —, quanto no sequestro de gás carbônico atmosférico.

Contudo, para fazer o processo de calcificação, os seres vivos precisam absorver do meio ambiente o cálcio, vindo da desmineralização das conchas.

“Ao manter as conchas no oceano, garantimos que estes compostos estarão disponíveis no ambiente para dar continuidade aos ciclos biogeoquímicos”, explica a oceanógrafa Gandara-Martins.

Corais: se mergulhar, não toque

O processo de desmineralização das conchas também é importante para os corais, seres vivos formados há milhares de anos. Considerado o mais biodiverso habitat marinho, os recifes de coral são um dos mais importantes ecossistemas do mundo.

Segundo um documento do Ministério do Meio Ambiente de 2018, “mais de 500 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo dependem de recifes para seu sustento, segurança alimentar e proteção costeira”.

‘Podemos machucar os corais ou até matá-los com nosso toque’, diz o oceanógrafo Maikon Di Domenico, da UFPR

Por outro lado, os recifes também são um dos ecossistemas mais vulneráveis à ação humana, podendo morrer com um simples toque.

“Podemos machucar os corais ou até matá-los com nosso toque, pois podemos transmitir doenças ou ajudar a disseminá-las no ambiente. Além disso, alguns corais são estruturas afiadas e cortantes, que podem queimar quem os toca”, explica Di Domenico.

O Ministério do Meio Ambiente orienta que nunca se deve tocar nos corais durante um passeio por piscinas naturais ou um turismo de mergulho marinho, assim como não se deve alimentar os peixes durante o passeio.

“Nunca alimente peixes com sobras, ração ou pão, pois isso prejudica a saúde deles e dos corais“, orienta o ministério.

Afinal, o que pode ou não na praia?

Apesar de o Brasil não ter uma legislação específica sobre o que se pode ou não fazer no turismo costeiro, a ilha de Fernando de Noronha, em Pernambuco, tem suas próprias normas.

O site do governo local informa que é proibida a retirada de “conchas, pedras, corais ou partes de animais ou vegetais da ilha”; “alimentar, matar, capturar, perseguir, tocar ou nadar intencionalmente com os animais silvestres”; “transportar sementes, plantas ou seus fragmentos e/ou animais” para Fernando de Noronha. A multa para quem cometer tais infrações pode chegar a R$ 5 mil.

Cachorros na praia

Além de Fernando de Noronha, os animais de estimação são proibidos de frequentarem quase todas as praias brasileiras, aponta o professor do Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Alexander Turra.

Cachorros contaminam a areia e podem matar um tipo de caranguejo que vive na praia

“A praia é um ambiente de transmissão do bicho geográfico, um parasita comum em cães e gatos e nocivo às pessoas. Por isso, em praticamente todo o Brasil, existem leis municipais que impedem a visitação de cachorros nas praias”, explica o professor.

Levar o animal de estimação para a praia também pode ser prejudicial aos seres vivos que habitam a faixa de areia.

“Existe um caranguejo que vive na parte de areia seca, conhecido como maria-farinha, que tem sido bastante afetado pela presença dos cachorros, que cavam a areia para fazerem buracos e acabam matando esses caranguejos”, aponta Turra.

Alimentar peixes

Gandara-Martins explica que alimentar peixes durante um passeio no mar ou um mergulho provoca alterações no comportamento das espécies locais.

“Estas espécies passam a ficar condicionadas à oferta de comida por humanos e deixam de consumir seus alimentos naturais. Se a alimentação recreativa for interrompida, muitos peixes podem morrer até que a população estabeleça seu equilíbrio”, explica a oceanógrafa.

Os peixes que se acostumam com o alimento dado pelas pessoas também podem se tornar mais agressivos.

“Os peixes ficam habituados à presença humana e à alimentação recreativa se aproximam muito das pessoas, o que aumenta o risco de captura desses organismos e promove o aumento da agressividade nesses peixes“, diz a pesquisadora.

Com isso, além de promoverem ataques aos humanos, os peixes das áreas de alimentação podem excluir as espécies menos agressivas.

Urinar no mar

A questão é polêmica, mas, segundo os especialistas ouvidos pela BBC News Brasil, urinar no mar não costuma causar danos à fauna e à flora local.

Fazer xixi no mar está liberado pelos especialistas

“O ideal é urinar em um local apropriado para isso. Mas, do ponto de vista biológico, o xixi feito no mar não é um grande problema, porque ele vai se diluir e servir de nutrientes para o ambiente marinho”, afirma Turra.

“A urina é composta de 95% de água e 5% de sais. O pouco de sais liberado no xixi é rapidamente diluído pela água do mar. Porém, uma praia muito lotada e com pouca circulação de água (como as piscinas naturais), o xixi pode vir a se tornar um problema”, pondera Di Domi.

Os pesquisadores ressaltam, contudo, que o descarte de esgoto no mar é proibido, uma vez que a concentração dos excrementos humanos no ambiente marinho é fatal à fauna e à flora.

Veículos motorizados

Um guia do Ministério do Meio Ambiente de 2018 orienta que não se transite com veículos motorizados na praia. O documento também pede que as pessoas não pisem nas plantas e demais vegetação de restinga presente na areia.

Protetor solar

O guia do Ministério da Saúde recomenda protetor solar à prova d´água “para não contaminar a água com produtos químicos prejudiciais ao meio ambiente”.

Fonte: BBC Brasil

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