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Por que Van Gogh usava tanto amarelo em suas pinturas, segundo a ciência ?

Ao contemplarmos absortos a Monalisa, de Leonardo Da Vinci, ou os Girassóis, de Vincent Van Gogh, ou qualquer outra obra visual dos séculos passados, podemos considerar que se trata da mesma pintura que o artista criou?

Provavelmente não. Com o passar dos anos, as pinturas mudam. E essa passagem inexorável do tempo as modifica para sempre.

Algumas dessas mudanças se devem aos processos de redução e oxidação sofridos pelos metais que fazem parte dos pigmentos usados ​​pelos artistas. Por exemplo, o chumbo branco na presença de enxofre forma sulfeto de chumbo, que é de cor preta.

As cores de Van Gogh

Entre os exemplos mais característicos, nos deparamos com a obra inestimável de Van Gogh, pintor holandês e um dos maiores expoentes do pós-impressionismo.

Fantásticas, as pinturas dele de cores vibrantes e marcantes têm a capacidade de atrair e encantar um público bastante diversificado.

No entanto, muitas das cores usadas em suas obras mudaram drasticamente com o tempo. Principalmente por causa da exposição à luz.

Retrato do doutor Gachet (1890)

Várias das alterações podem ser atribuídas ao amarelamento sofrido pelo verniz com o envelhecimento. Outros, entretanto, são claramente causados ​​pela degradação do pigmento.

O trabalho de Van Gogh é extenso, mas entre suas obras mais conhecidas está a série de pinturas a óleo chamada Girassóis.

Parece que as primeiras dessas pinturas foram feitas para decorar o quarto de seu amigo Paul Gauguin.

A realização desta magnífica obra foi possível graças à utilização de novos pigmentos desenvolvidos ao longo do século 19, principalmente o amarelo cromado, que conferiu aos girassóis um amarelo luminoso incrível.

Hoje, porém, as pinturas não apresentam aquele amarelo intenso da época, mas sim um tom ambíguo e delicioso a meio caminho entre o amarelo e o marrom.

A teoria mais amplamente aceita é que mudanças químicas ocorreram no pigmento amarelo cromo devido à exposição aos raios ultravioleta.

O escurecimento dos pigmentos é causado pela redução do cromo de Cr (VI) para Cr (III).

Assim, o escurecimento do amarelo de duas outras pinturas de Van Gogh, Vista de Arles com Lírios (1888) e Beira-rio do Sena (1887), poderia ser explicado pelo mesmo fenômeno.

A explicação científica

De qualquer forma, parece claro que Van Gogh tinha uma predileção pela cor amarela, manifestando-se em grande parte de sua obra, incluindo pinturas como A Casa Amarela, Esplanada do Café à Noite ou A Avenida dos Alyscamps.

Vaso com 14 girassois (1889)

A indiscutível preferência do pintor pela cor amarela tem sido associada a uma contaminação por dedaleira (Digitalis purpurea), utilizada na medicina para o tratamento de diversas doenças.

Na época de Van Gogh, a dedaleira era usada para tratar crises maníaco-depressivas. O pintor costumava usá-la na tentativa de amenizar as crises que assombravam seu corpo e mente, pois lhe eram atribuídas propriedades sedativas e antiepilépticas.

Infelizmente, pacientes que consumiram essa substância em excesso desenvolveram xantopsia, uma doença que alterava a percepção das cores de quem foi afetado por ela. Eles tendiam a ver objetos com tonalidade amarelada.

Nessa perspectiva, Van Gogh via o mundo através de um filtro amarelo causado pelo remédio que consumia. E assim o pintor transferiu apenas os tons que observou para as pinturas.

A dedaleira foi receitada a Van Gogh por seu médico pessoal, Paul Gachet. Aliás, no retrato que Van Gogh fez de Gachet, o médico aparece com um buquê de dedaleiras sobre a mesa.

Mas Gachet estava bastante ciente dos efeitos colaterais potencialmente fatais que a substância poderia causar. E ele recomendou com veemência que não usasse drogas, que poderiam causar síncope ao desacelerar os batimentos cardíacos e/ou causar paralisia de órgãos.

A Noite Estrelada (1889)

De todo modo, apesar da predominância dos tons de amarelo nas obras de Van Gogh, deve-se reconhecer que o amarelo está sempre equilibrado com o uso do azul e/ou do branco, mesmo que aplicado de forma muito sutil.

Com uma xantopsia aguda, os brancos e os amarelos seriam indistinguíveis para o pintor, e os azuis dos verdes. Alguns especialistas concluíram que ele sofria da doença em grau moderado.

Outras hipóteses sugerem que é possível que o pintor sofresse de glaucoma subagudo de ângulo fechado.

Esta doença visual explicaria os “halos” que Van Gogh pintou em algumas de suas obras e que se evidenciam em várias pinturas, como O Café Noturno ou A Noite Estrelada. Nesta, a cor amarela torna-se significativa novamente.

E tanto nesta obra quanto em Estrada com Cipreste e Estrela e em Campo de Trigo com Corvos, o pintor conseguiu captar com inusitada certeza a teoria da turbulência dos fluidos que o matemático russo Andréi Nikoláyevich Kolmogórov descreveu em 1941.

Ou seja, 52 anos depois de Van Gogh pintar A Noite Estrelada.

E é claro, o trabalho de Van Gogh continua até hoje repleto de enigmas não solucionados, ostentando uma beleza extraordinária.

Fonte: BBC Brasil

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