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Explosão de Beirute: O que é nitrato de amônio e quão perigoso é?

Por Tom Edgington
BBC News

Quase 3.000 toneladas de nitrato de amônio – retiradas de um navio na costa de Beirute há seis anos e armazenadas em um depósito – foram responsabilizadas pela explosão que atingiu a área portuária da capital libanesa na terça-feira (04/08/2020).

Mas o que é nitrato de amônio e por que pode ser tão perigoso?

O que é nitrato de amônio?

O nitrato de amônio é um sólido branco semelhante a um cristal que é feito em grandes quantidades industriais. Seu maior uso é como fonte de nitrogênio para fertilizantes, mas também é usado para criar explosivos para mineração.
“Você não encontrará apenas nitrato de amônio no solo“, explica Andrea Sella, professor de química da University College London. Isso porque é sintético, feito pela reação da amônia com o ácido nítrico, diz ela.
O nitrato de amônio é feito em todo o mundo e é relativamente barato para comprar.
Mas armazená-lo pode ser um problema e já foi associado a graves acidentes industriais no passado.

Quão perigoso é o nitrato de amônio?

Por si só, o nitrato de amônio é relativamente seguro de manusear, diz o Prof. Sella.
Porém, se você tiver uma grande quantidade de material por muito tempo, ele começa a se decompor.
“O verdadeiro problema é que com o tempo ele vai absorver pequenos pedaços de umidade e eventualmente se transformar em uma rocha enorme”, diz ele. Isso o torna mais perigoso porque se um incêndio o atingir, a reação química será muito mais intensa.

O que causou a nuvem em forma de cogumelo?

Vídeos de Beirute mostraram fumaça saindo de um incêndio e, em seguida, uma nuvem em forma de cogumelo seguindo uma explosão.
“Você tem uma onda de choque supersônica que está viajando pelo ar, e você pode ver isso na nuvem esférica branca que sai do centro e se expande para cima”, diz o Prof. Sella.
A onda de choque é produzida a partir de ar comprimido, explica ele. “O ar se expande rapidamente e esfria repentinamente e a água se condensa, o que causa a nuvem”, acrescenta.

Quão perigosos são os gases produzidos?

Quando o nitrato de amônio explode, ele pode liberar gases tóxicos, incluindo óxidos de nitrogênio e gás amônia.
A pluma laranja é causada pelo dióxido de nitrogênio, que geralmente está associado à poluição do ar.
“Se não houver muito vento, pode se tornar um perigo para as pessoas nas proximidades“, diz o Prof. Sella.

É usado em bombas?

Com uma explosão tão poderosa, o nitrato de amônio foi usado por exércitos em todo o mundo como um explosivo.
Também foi usado em vários atos terroristas, incluindo o atentado de Oklahoma City em 1995. Nesse caso, Timothy McVeigh usou duas toneladas de nitrato de amônio para criar uma bomba que destruiu um prédio federal e matou 168 pessoas.

Algo assim já aconteceu antes?

  • Em 1921, cerca de 4.500 toneladas de nitrato de amônio causaram uma explosão em uma fábrica em Oppau, Alemanha, matando mais de 500 pessoas
  • O acidente industrial mais mortal da história dos Estados Unidos ocorreu em 1947 em Galveston Bay, Texas. Pelo menos 581 pessoas morreram quando mais de 2.000 toneladas do produto químico detonaram a bordo de um navio que havia atracado no porto
  • Mais recentemente, uma explosão envolvendo nitrato de amônio e outros produtos químicos matou 173 pessoas no porto de Tianjin, no norte da China, em 2015.

Fonte: https://www.bbc.com/news/explainers-53664064

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