Diferente dos outros líquidos, ao congelar, a água se expande; quando está quente, congela mais rápido do que quando está fria; e suas moléculas podem subir, contra a gravidade.
Além de essencial, a água é estranhamente única — conta-se mais de 60 propriedades que a diferenciam de outros líquidos.
Na verdade, para alguns especialistas, o comportamento físico e químico da água é tão estranho que ela chega a se comportar, em determinadas condições, como dois líquidos diferentes — ou o mesmo líquido em dois estados distintos, cada qual com suas particularidades de densidade e estrutura.
Um cientista que defende isso é Anders Nilsson, professor de Química e Física da Universidade de Estocolmo, que em um experimento recente afirmou ter demonstrado essa “vida dupla” da água.
“Não é que a água seja um líquido complexo“, explicou o pesquisador à BBC News Mundo (serviço em espanhol da BBC). “Na verdade, ela é como a mistura de dois líquidos simples.”
Essa hipótese não é nova: vem sendo debatida desde os anos 90 e foi testada por Nilsson e sua equipe em simulações de computador.
Temperatura e pressão

À primeira vista, a água parece um líquido uniforme, mas, a nível microscópico, suas moléculas flutuam, agrupando-se em duas regiões demarcadas por sua densidade.
Isso, de acordo com o experimento de Nilsson, é o que leva a seu estranho comportamento.
Para demonstrar isso, os pesquisadores estudaram uma amostra de água ultrapura a uma temperatura de -63 ºC e com pressão até 3 mil vezes superior à atmosférica.
Os pesquisadores manipularam as condições de pressão, conduzindo-a a diferentes níveis em questão de nanossegundos, mas sempre evitando que a amostra congelasse.
Assim, foi possível rastrear, através de raios X, como grupos de moléculas se formaram e se deslocaram de um lado para o outro.
Em temperaturas mais altas, observou-se um líquido de alta densidade; em baixas temperaturas, um líquido de baixa densidade.
A equipe também notou que essa “anomalia” se torna mais evidente quanto mais baixa a temperatura.
“O que vemos são dois líquidos fingindo ser um só, por meio da flutuação“, explica Nilsson.
Divergências entre cientistas
Entretanto, alguns cientistas não apoiam a hipótese de que a água possa se “separar” em dois líquidos.
“Pessoalmente, acho difícil visualizar como pode haver dois tipos diferentes de moléculas de água“, disse Alan Soper, do Laboratório Rutherford Appleton, no Reino Unido, em uma matéria publicada no site especializado Chemistry World.
Mas alguns cientistas ficaram entusiasmados com as descobertas recentes de Nilsson e sua equipe.
O experimento “acrescenta mais e mais evidências de que a água é na verdade formada por dois componentes“, disse o físico Greg Kimmel, do Laboratório Nacional Pacific Northwest, nos EUA, ao portal Science News.
Kimmel também concorda que seria esse o fato a explicar por que a água “é tão peculiar“.

Na verdade, a equipe de Nilsson defende que suas descobertas podem explicar fenômenos não só relativos à água em si, mas tudo que é ligado a ela na natureza.
Fivos Perakis, um dos pesquisadores da Universidade de Estocolmo que faz parte do grupo, menciona por exemplo o que isso implica para os seres vivos.
“Eu me pergunto se os dois estados líquidos podem ser um fator importante nos processos biológicos das células“, questiona Perakis.
Ele também vislumbra avanços como na dessalinização da água, afinal, “o acesso à água potável será um dos maiores desafios diante das mudanças climáticas“, lembra.
Fonte: BBC Brasil
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