Foto: Arquivo/CORREIO
Imagine-se no seguinte cenário: você tem uma viagem de avião marcada, chega ao aeroporto e aguarda pelo embarque. Lá fora, o tempo se fecha cada vez mais e, ainda assim, sua viagem é inadiável. O número de raios e relâmpagos começa a aumentar e as chances de um deles atingir seu avião também. E aí, você embarcaria? E se um raio acertasse a aeronave em cheio, com você dentro? O que aconteceria?
Primeiramente, aqui vai uma estatística interessante: segundo o ELAT, Grupo de Eletricidade Atmosférica do INPE (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais), aviões comerciais são atingidos por relâmpagos uma vez por ano — e isso durante decolagem ou aterrissagem, quando estão em alturas abaixo de 5 km do solo. Se as consequências das descargas elétricas fossem tão drásticas todas as vezes que um raio atingisse um avião, você ouviria, no mínimo, uma manchete de noticiário por ano anunciando que o acidente foi grave. Qual foi a última vez que você viu uma notícia dessas na televisão?
Origem das descargas elétricas nos aviões
A forma e o tamanho das aeronaves podem atrair as descargas elétricas, mas os resultados, geralmente, não causam danos irreversíveis. Na grande maioria das vezes, o que acontece é que, ao adentrar uma nuvem ou mesmo voar próximo dela, um avião pode intensificar o campo elétrico e dar início a descargas, formando relâmpagos induzidos. Após formado, o raio pode vir de dentro de uma nuvem, da nuvem ao solo ou mesmo se formar entre duas nuvens.
Desde que um acidente terrível acometeu um Boeing 707 em 1963, nos Estados Unidos, a indústria aeroespacial modificou o projeto das aeronaves. Na época, um raio acertou em cheio o Boeing em pleno voo e ocasionou a explosão do tanque de combustível, resultando na queda do avião e morte de 81 pessoas. A partir daí, novas pesquisas foram conduzidas e a indústria remanejou o projeto dos aviões, modificando o sistema de combustível para praticamente eliminar os riscos de acidentes como esse.
Hoje em dia, quando um raio atinge uma aeronave, causa apenas danos parciais na fuselagem e nas antenas externas. Isso acontece porque, além da modificação do sistema de combustível, os sistemas eletrônicos das aeronaves geralmente são blindados para evitar interferências da radiação dos relâmpagos. Além disso, com o avanço das tecnologias aéreas, os pilotos conseguem antever condições climáticas e evitam voar próximos a nuvens carregadas.
Estou sentado na poltrona, um raio atinge o avião. E agora?
Saiba que, uma vez dentro de uma nuvem ou próximo a ela, seu avião acaba virando para-raio. Isso acontece porque um relâmpago atinge uma extremidade da aeronave, como o nariz ou a ponta da asa, e percorre todo o corpo do veículo na sequência, indo em direção ao solo no final. Devido ao atrito com o ar, a carenagem do avião acumula muita eletricidade estática, o que acaba atraindo essas descargas elétricas.
Mas se você estiver no interior da cabine, não vai sentir muita coisa, a não ser um ruído bem alto de trovão e aquele clarão característico, caso esteja olhando pela janelinha. O raio atinge e se dissipa da aeronave em fração de segundos, e logo tudo volta ao normal.
Os pilotos podem identificar, com a ajuda dos sistemas de bordo, se houve algum dano à aeronave e se todos a bordo estão bem. As torres de controle também servem para informar ou serem informadas sobre a incidência de raios para que, quando pousar, a aeronave passe por uma inspeção.
Claro que, mesmo cientes do efeito e da “passagem” do raio pela carcaça do avião, os engenheiros desenvolveram um sistema de segurança para evitar que uma descarga elevadíssima de energia cause danos maiores à aeronave. Afinal, um raio tem, em média, uma corrente de 200 mil ampères — lembrando que, segundo Adam Savage, do Myth Busters, sete ampères já são o suficiente para causar arritmia cardíaca grave e matar uma pessoa. Sendo assim, as asas do avião contam com dissipadores que servem para descarregar essa energia estática acumulada e liberá-la durante o voo, sem comprometer os sistemas elétricos e eletrônicos do veículo.
A Gaiola de Faraday
Você deve se lembrar desse nome quando estudou física no ensino médio. Um experimento conduzido por Michael Faraday em 1836 explica perfeitamente por que o avião recebe a descarga elétrica e ninguém em seu interior sofre os danos.
O físico-químico usou uma gaiola metálica com um isolante e uma cadeira de madeira em seu interior, onde ele mesmo se sentou antes que uma descarga elétrica fosse aplicada de uma bobina de Tesla diretamente à estrutura. Quando a energia foi aplicada à gaiola, Faraday escapou ileso, provando que o corpo dentro de uma estrutura metálica submetida a uma descarga elétrica fica protegido devido ao caminho percorrido pelos elétrons na parte externa da superfície.
Na prática, aviões funcionam como gaiolas. Eles possuem fuselagem metálica e criam um campo eletrostático. Quando um raio atinge a carcaça, esta conduz a eletricidade apenas na parte externa, e ela logo se dissipa. Como na Gaiola de Faraday, o interior permanece intacto. Um raio, após atingir um avião, percorre toda a sua fuselagem e parte dele acaba se desviando em direção ao solo.
Aviões para-raios e aviões antirraios
Segundo Murilo Basseto, do AeroIN, nem todos os aviões podem ser atingidos por raios. Os Boeing 747 e 777 são feitos de alumínio e reproduzem com exatidão o efeito do experimento de Faraday. Em contrapartida, modelos mais atuais, como o Boeing 787 Dreamliner, E-Jets da Embraer e o Airbus 350, não possuem fuselagem metálica, às vezes optando por materiais leves, como o plástico. A parte externa é uma cobertura ultrafina de malha de cobre ou mesmo tinta de alumínio espacial — desenvolvida especificamente para conduzir a eletricidade e garantir o efeito da Gaiola de Faraday.
Fonte: Canaltech
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