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Como a mudança climática está alterando o eixo de rotação da Terra

Enchentes e secas, chuvas torrenciais, incêndios infernais, temperaturas extremas, extinção de espécies.

Boa parte dos efeitos das mudanças climáticas provocadas pela ação do homem são visíveis nos quatro cantos do planeta. Alguns, contudo, não são tão óbvios.

Uma pesquisa publicada em março no periódico científico da American Geophysical Union (AGU, na sigla em inglês) mostrou que a mudança climática estaria por trás de uma série de deslocamentos no eixo de rotação da Terra desde a década de 1990.

Nos últimos 30 anos, o eixo do planeta — a linha imaginária em torno da qual a Terra gira em seu movimento sobre si mesma — teve um deslocamento acelerado. Desde 1980, a posição dos polos (que são os pontos onde o eixo de rotação da Terra cruzam a superfície) mudou cerca de quatro metros no sentido leste, diz o trabalho.

A avaliação da chamada deriva polar, o termo que denomina esse o movimento dos pólos, indica que o fluxo mudou completamente de direção em 1995 e, entre aquele ano e 2020, a velocidade do movimento dos pólos aumentou cerca de 17 vezes em comparação com o observado entre 1981 e 1995.

GETTY IMAGES
Mudança climática tem provocado derretimento acelerado de gelo nos polos

As causas

O deslocamento do eixo da Terra, segundo especialistas, é normal.

Mudanças na distribuição da massa do planeta fazem com que o eixo se mova e, por consequência, com que os pólos se movam.

Esse movimento geralmente acontece de forma natural, seja por mudanças na atmosfera, nos oceanos ou na parte sólida da Terra.

O que a pesquisa indica, contudo, é que a ação humana é um dos motores da aceleração observada desde 1990.

Para entender o porquê é preciso revisitar alguns conceitos de física que aprendemos no ensino médio.

A rotação de qualquer objeto é afetada pela forma como sua massa é distribuída.

A distribuição do peso da Terra, por sua vez, está sempre mudando, à medida que as entranhas derretidas do planeta se agitam e sua superfície se transforma.

ALAMY
Os polos do planeta têm se deslocado em resposta a diversos fatores

Mas a água, que constitui quase três quartos do planeta, também tem um “peso” fundamental nesse processo.

Assim, os pesquisadores decidiram fazer observações sobre as massas de água, medições da perda de gelo e do volume de lençóis freáticos bombeados para uso humano para verificar seu impacto no deslocamento do eixo.

Planeta água

A pesquisa descobriu que a água é um fator chave: a perda de água das regiões polares – o gelo que derreteu e escoou para os oceanos – seria “o principal motor da rápida deriva polar após a década de 1990“.

O derretimento do gelo glacial é uma consequência direta da mudança climática provocada pelo homem.

Estima-se que mais de um terço das geleiras remanescentes no mundo derreterão em menos de um século, antes de 2100. Quanto aos bancos de gelo marinho, 95% dos mais antigos e espessos que se encontravam no Ártico já desapareceram.

Os cientistas estimam que, se as emissões de gases poluentes continuarem a aumentar sem controle, o Ártico poderá ficar sem gelo durante os verões a partir de 2040.

Água para uso humano

O estudo aponta ainda como, em menor grau, a ação de bombear água para agricultura ou consumo humano também teve impacto na deriva polar.

Isso porque a água dos lençóis freáticos antes armazenada no subterrâneo tende a fluir para o mar, redistribuindo seu peso no planeta.

Especialistas estimam que, nos últimos 50 anos, os humanos extraíram 18 trilhões de toneladas de água de reservatórios subterrâneos profundos, o que nunca foi reposto.

GETTY IMAGES
Água retirada dos lençóis freáticos na maioria das vezes vai parar no mar

“As descobertas oferecem uma pista para estudar o movimento polar impulsionado pelo clima no passado“, disse Suxia Liu, hidróloga da Academia Chinesa de Ciências e principal autora do estudo, em um comunicado.

A ciência já tinha vinculado o derretimento das geleiras aos movimentos observados nos pólos entre 2005 e 2012 com dados coletados pela missão Grace (acrônimo para Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment), que lançou um satélite ao espaço em 2002.

Esta é a primeira pesquisa, contudo, a demonstrar o impacto das mudanças climáticas no eixo de rotação da Terra na década anterior ao lançamento desse sistema de monitoramento.

Fonte: BBC

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